iptables经典入门教程

iptables的组成

iptables由五个表table和五个链chain以及一些规则组成

五个表table：filter、nat、mangle、raw、security

filter表：过滤规则表，根据预定义的规则过滤符合条件的数据包
nat表：network address translation 地址转换规则表
mangle：修改数据标记位规则表
raw：关闭启用的连接跟踪机制，加快封包穿越防火墙速度
security：用于强制访问控制（MAC）网络规则，由Linux安全模块（如SELinux）实现

优先级由高到低的顺序为：

security -->raw-->mangle-->nat-->filter

五个内置链chain:

INPUT,OUTPUT,FORWARD,PREROUTING,POSTROUTING

链 chain：

• 内置链：每个内置链对应于一个钩子函数
• 自定义链：用于对内置链进行扩展或补充，可实现更灵活的规则组织管理机制；只有Hook钩子调用自定义链时，才生效

表和链对应关系

数据包过滤匹配流程

内核中数据包的传输过程

• 当一个数据包进入网卡时，数据包首先进入PREROUTING链，内核根据数据包目的IP判断是否需要转送出去
• 如果数据包是进入本机的，数据包就会沿着图向下移动，到达INPUT链。数据包到达INPUT链后，任何进程都会收到它。本机上运行的程序可以发送数据包，这些数据包经过OUTPUT链，然后到达POSTROUTING链输出
• 如果数据包是要转发出去的，且内核允许转发，数据包就会向右移动，经过FORWARD链，然后到达POSTROUTING链输出

范例：

root@centos8 ~]#iptables -vnL -t filter
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

[root@centos8 ~]#iptables -vnL -t nat
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination    

[root@centos8 ~]#iptables -vnL -t mangle
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination    

[root@centos8 ~]#iptables -vnL -t raw
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination   

[root@centos8 ~]#iptables -vnL -t security
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
[root@centos8 ~]#

#CentOS 6 nat表不支持INPUT链
[root@centos6 ~]#iptables -vnL -t nat
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination 

2.5 netfilter 完整流程

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