Django Rest Framework源码剖析(六)—–序列化(serializers)详解编程语言

from django.db import models 
 
class UserInfo(models.Model): 
    user_type_choice = ( 
        (1,"普通用户"), 
        (2,"会员"), 
    ) 
    user_type = models.IntegerField(choices=user_type_choice) 
    username = models.CharField(max_length=32,unique=True) 
    password = models.CharField(max_length=64) 
    group = models.ForeignKey(to='UserGroup',null=True,blank=True) 
    roles = models.ManyToManyField(to='Role') 
 
 
class UserToken(models.Model): 
    user = models.OneToOneField(to=UserInfo) 
    token = models.CharField(max_length=64) 
 
 
 
class UserGroup(models.Model): 
    """用户组""" 
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32,unique=True) 
 
 
class Role(models.Model): 
    """角色""" 
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32,unique=True)

from django.conf.urls import url 
from app01 import views 
 
urlpatterns = [ 
 
    # url(r'^api/v1/auth', views.AuthView.as_view()), 
    # url(r'^api/v1/order', views.OrderView.as_view()), 
    url(r'^api/v1/roles', views.RoleView.as_view()),  # 角色视图 
    # url(r'^api/(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/user', views.UserView.as_view(),name="user_view"), 
]

from rest_framework import serializers 
from rest_framework.views import APIView 
from django.shortcuts import  HttpResponse 
from  app01 import  models 
import json 
 
 
class RolesSerializer(serializers.Serializer): #定义序列化类 
    id=serializers.IntegerField()  #定义需要提取的序列化字段,名称和model中定义的字段相同 
    name=serializers.CharField() 
class RoleView(APIView): 
    """角色""" 
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
        roles=models.Role.objects.all() 
        res=RolesSerializer(instance=roles,many=True) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象，当有多条数据时候，使用many=True,单个对象many=False 
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res.data,ensure_ascii=False))

from django.conf.urls import url 
from app01 import views 
 
urlpatterns = [ 
 
    # url(r'^api/v1/auth', views.AuthView.as_view()), 
    # url(r'^api/v1/order', views.OrderView.as_view()), 
    url(r'^api/v1/roles', views.RoleView.as_view()), 
    url(r'^api/v1/userinfo', views.UserinfoView.as_view()), #用户信息 
    # url(r'^api/(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/user', views.UserView.as_view(),name="user_view"), 
]

from rest_framework import serializers 
from rest_framework.views import APIView 
from django.shortcuts import  HttpResponse 
from  app01 import  models 
import json 
 
 
class UserinfoSerializer(serializers.Serializer): #定义序列化类 
    id=serializers.IntegerField()  #定义需要提取的序列化字段,名称和model中定义的字段相同 
 
    username=serializers.CharField() 
    password=serializers.CharField() 
    #sss=serializers.CharField(source='user_type') #该方法只能拿到user_type的ID 
    sss=serializers.CharField(source='get_user_type_display') #自定义字段名称，和数据模型不一致，需要指定source本质调用get_user_type_display()方法获取数据 
    gp=serializers.CharField(source='group.name') #本质拿到group对象，取对象的name, 
    #rl=serializers.CharField(source='roles.all.first.name') 
    rl=serializers.SerializerMethodField()   #多对多序列化方法一 
    def get_rl(self,obj): #名称固定：get_定义的字段名称 
        """ 
        自定义序列化 
        :param obj:传递的model对象，这里已经封装好的 
        :return: 
        """ 
        roles=obj.roles.all().values() #获取所有的角色 
 
        return list(roles)  #返回的结果一定有道是json可序列化的对象 
class UserinfoView(APIView): 
    """用户信息""" 
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
        users=models.UserInfo.objects.all() 
        res=UserinfoSerializer(instance=users,many=True) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象，当有多条数据时候，使用many=True,单个对象many=False 
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res.data,ensure_ascii=False))

class UserinfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): 
    id = serializers.IntegerField()  # 定义需要提取的序列化字段,名称和model中定义的字段相同 
    username=serializers.CharField() 
    password=serializers.CharField() 
    #sss=serializers.CharField(source='user_type') #该方法只能拿到user_type的ID 
    sss=serializers.CharField(source='get_user_type_display') #自定义字段名称，和数据模型不一致，需要指定source本质调用get_user_type_display()方法获取数据 
    #rl=serializers.CharField(source='roles.all.first.name') 
    gp=serializers.CharField(source='group.name') 
    rl=serializers.SerializerMethodField()   #多对多序列化方法一 
    def get_rl(self,obj): #名称固定：get_定义的字段名称 
        """ 
        自定义序列化 
        :param obj:传递的model对象，这里已经封装好的 
        :return: 
        """ 
        roles=obj.roles.all().values() #获取所有的角色 
 
        return list(roles)  #返回的结果一定有道是json可序列化的对象 
    class Meta: 
        model = models.UserInfo 
        fields = ['id', 'username', 'password', 'sss','rl','gp'] #配置要序列化的字段 
        # fields = "__all__" 使用model中所有的字段 
 
class UserinfoView(APIView): 
    """用户信息""" 
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
        users=models.UserInfo.objects.all() 
        res=UserinfoSerializer(instance=users,many=True) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象，当有多条数据时候，使用many=True,单个对象many=False 
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res.data,ensure_ascii=False))

class UserinfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): 
 
    class Meta: 
        model = models.UserInfo 
        #fields = "__all__" # 使用model中所有的字段 
        fields = ['id', 'username', 'password', 'group','roles']  # 配置要序列化的字段 
        depth = 1  #系列化深度，1~10，建议使用不超过3 
class UserinfoView(APIView): 
    """用户信息""" 
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
        users=models.UserInfo.objects.all() 
        res=UserinfoSerializer(instance=users,many=True) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象，当有多条数据时候，使用many=True,单个对象many=False 
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res.data,ensure_ascii=False))

urlpatterns = [ 
 
    # url(r'^api/v1/auth', views.AuthView.as_view()), 
    # url(r'^api/v1/order', views.OrderView.as_view()), 
    url(r'^api/v1/roles', views.RoleView.as_view()), 
    url(r'^api/v1/userinfo', views.UserinfoView.as_view()), 
    url(r'^api/v1/group/(?P<xxx>/d+)', views.GroupView.as_view(),name='gp'),  # 新加入组url 
    # url(r'^api/(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/user', views.UserView.as_view(),name="user_view"), 
]

class UserinfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): 
    group=serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='gp',lookup_field='group_id',lookup_url_kwarg='xxx') 
    #view_name，urls.py目标url的视图别名（name），这里是UserGroup的视图别名 
    #lookup_field 给url传递的参数，也就是正则匹配的字段 
    #lookup_url_kwarg，url中正则名称，也就是kwargs中的key 
    class Meta: 
        model = models.UserInfo 
        #fields = "__all__" # 使用model中所有的字段 
        fields = ['id', 'username', 'password','roles','group']  # 配置要序列化的字段 
        depth = 1  #系列化深度，1~10，建议使用不超过3 
class UserinfoView(APIView): 
    """用户信息""" 
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
        users=models.UserInfo.objects.all() 
        res=UserinfoSerializer(instance=users,many=True,context={'request': request}) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象，当有多条数据时候，使用many=True,单个对象many=False 
        #若需生成超链接字段，则需要加context={'request': request} 
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res.data,ensure_ascii=False)) 
 
class UserGroupSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): 
    class Meta: 
        model = models.UserGroup 
        fields = "__all__" 
        depth = 0 
 
 
class GroupView(APIView): 
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
 
        group_id=kwargs.get('xxx') 
        group_obj=models.UserGroup.objects.get(id=group_id) 
        res=UserGroupSerializer(instance=group_obj,many=False) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象，当有多条数据时候，使用many=True,单个对象many=False 
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res.data,ensure_ascii=False))

class BaseSerializer(Field): 
    """ 
    The BaseSerializer class provides a minimal class which may be used 
    for writing custom serializer implementations. 
 
    Note that we strongly restrict the ordering of operations/properties 
    that may be used on the serializer in order to enforce correct usage. 
 
    In particular, if a `data=` argument is passed then: 
 
    .is_valid() - Available. 
    .initial_data - Available. 
    .validated_data - Only available after calling `is_valid()` 
    .errors - Only available after calling `is_valid()` 
    .data - Only available after calling `is_valid()` 
 
    If a `data=` argument is not passed then: 
 
    .is_valid() - Not available. 
    .initial_data - Not available. 
    .validated_data - Not available. 
    .errors - Not available. 
    .data - Available. 
    """ 
 
    def __init__(self, instance=None, data=empty, **kwargs): # many=False后执行的构造方法 
        self.instance = instance 
        if data is not empty: 
            self.initial_data = data 
        self.partial = kwargs.pop('partial', False) 
        self._context = kwargs.pop('context', {}) 
        kwargs.pop('many', None) 
        super(BaseSerializer, self).__init__(**kwargs) 
 
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): 
        # We override this method in order to automagically create 
        # `ListSerializer` classes instead when `many=True` is set. 
        if kwargs.pop('many', False):    # many参数，如果有则执行cls.many_init,没有则执行super(BaseSerializer).__new__ 
            return cls.many_init(*args, **kwargs)  # many=True,表示对QuerySet进行处理，走该逻辑， 
        return super(BaseSerializer, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) # many = False ，表示对单独的对象进行处理

@classmethod 
    def many_init(cls, *args, **kwargs):  # many=True,执行该方法 
        """ 
        This method implements the creation of a `ListSerializer` parent 
        class when `many=True` is used. You can customize it if you need to 
        control which keyword arguments are passed to the parent, and 
        which are passed to the child. 
 
        Note that we're over-cautious in passing most arguments to both parent 
        and child classes in order to try to cover the general case. If you're 
        overriding this method you'll probably want something much simpler, eg: 
 
        @classmethod 
        def many_init(cls, *args, **kwargs): 
            kwargs['child'] = cls() 
            return CustomListSerializer(*args, **kwargs) 
        """ 
        allow_empty = kwargs.pop('allow_empty', None) 
        child_serializer = cls(*args, **kwargs) 
        list_kwargs = { 
            'child': child_serializer, 
        } 
        if allow_empty is not None: 
            list_kwargs['allow_empty'] = allow_empty 
        list_kwargs.update({ 
            key: value for key, value in kwargs.items() 
            if key in LIST_SERIALIZER_KWARGS 
        }) 
        meta = getattr(cls, 'Meta', None) 
        list_serializer_class = getattr(meta, 'list_serializer_class', ListSerializer) 
        return list_serializer_class(*args, **list_kwargs)  # 最后使用ListSerializer进行实例化

   @property 
    def data(self): 
        ret = super(Serializer, self).data  # 执行父类data属性 
        return ReturnDict(ret, serializer=self)

 @property 
    def data(self): 
        if hasattr(self, 'initial_data') and not hasattr(self, '_validated_data'):  #数据验证时候使用 
            msg = ( 
                'When a serializer is passed a `data` keyword argument you ' 
                'must call `.is_valid()` before attempting to access the ' 
                'serialized `.data` representation./n' 
                'You should either call `.is_valid()` first, ' 
                'or access `.initial_data` instead.' 
            ) 
            raise AssertionError(msg) 
 
        if not hasattr(self, '_data'):     
            if self.instance is not None and not getattr(self, '_errors', None):# 判断有无错误，无错误进行序列化 
                self._data = self.to_representation(self.instance)    # 将instance（QuerySet对象）传入，开始序列化 
            elif hasattr(self, '_validated_data') and not getattr(self, '_errors', None): 
                self._data = self.to_representation(self.validated_data) 

else: self._data = self.get_initial() return self._data

    def to_representation(self, instance): 
        """ 
        Object instance -> Dict of primitive datatypes. 
        """ 
        ret = OrderedDict()  #先将instance转化为有序字典 
        fields = self._readable_fields 
 
        for field in fields: # 循环定义的字段，这个字段可以是我们自己定义的，也可以是model中的字段 
            try: 
                attribute = field.get_attribute(instance) #调用字段的get_attribute方法(参数是对象)，在示例中可以理解为group.get_attribute(group_obj)， 
            except SkipField: 
                continue 
 
            # We skip `to_representation` for `None` values so that fields do 
            # not have to explicitly deal with that case. 
            # 
            # For related fields with `use_pk_only_optimization` we need to 
            # resolve the pk value. 
            check_for_none = attribute.pk if isinstance(attribute, PKOnlyObject) else attribute 
            if check_for_none is None: 
                ret[field.field_name] = None 
            else: 
                ret[field.field_name] = field.to_representation(attribute) 
 
        return ret

    def get_attribute(self, instance): 
        """ 
        Given the *outgoing* object instance, return the primitive value 
        that should be used for this field. 
        """ 
        try:
　　　　　　　　 
            return get_attribute(instance, self.source_attrs)  # 执行get_attribute函数，用于根据定义的字段属性，获取不同的数据，
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　注意该方法没有带self,是一个函数，并不是类方法。
　　　　　　　　self.source_attrs:以'.'分割的列表，会被使用为反射获取属性 
        except (KeyError, AttributeError) as exc: 
            if self.default is not empty: 
                return self.get_default() 
            if self.allow_null: 
                return None 
            if not self.required: 
                raise SkipField() 
            msg = ( 
                'Got {exc_type} when attempting to get a value for field ' 
                '`{field}` on serializer `{serializer}`./nThe serializer ' 
                'field might be named incorrectly and not match ' 
                'any attribute or key on the `{instance}` instance./n' 
                'Original exception text was: {exc}.'.format( 
                    exc_type=type(exc).__name__, 
                    field=self.field_name, 
                    serializer=self.parent.__class__.__name__, 
                    instance=instance.__class__.__name__, 
                    exc=exc 
                ) 
            ) 
            raise type(exc)(msg)

        if self.source == '*':    
            self.source_attrs = [] 
        else: 
            self.source_attrs = self.source.split('.')  
    #self.source是我们自定义字段传入的source参数，如：gp=serializers.CharField(source='group.name')，sss=serializers.CharField(source='get_user_type_display')
     最后分割变成['group','name']

def get_attribute(instance, attrs): 
    """ 
    Similar to Python's built in `getattr(instance, attr)`, 
    but takes a list of nested attributes, instead of a single attribute. 
 
    Also accepts either attribute lookup on objects or dictionary lookups. 
    """
     
     # attrs：['group','name']或者['get_user_type_display',] 
    for attr in attrs:  # 循环列表 
        try: 
            if isinstance(instance, collections.Mapping): #若果是model字段映射(DRF的内部字段转化)，直接调用model类的 
                instance = instance[attr]#重新赋值，此时的instance已经改变 
            else: 
                instance = getattr(instance, attr) #否则，使用反射获取结果，如instance=getattr(userinfo_obj,group) 
        except ObjectDoesNotExist: 
            return None 
        if is_simple_callable(instance): #判断是否是可执行，此时如我们示例中的get_user_type_display，其判断过程在类似下面TIPS中，这里不再做过多说明 
            try: 
                instance = instance()   #重新赋值，加括号进行执行 
            except (AttributeError, KeyError) as exc: 
                # If we raised an Attribute or KeyError here it'd get treated 
                # as an omitted field in `Field.get_attribute()`. Instead we 
                # raise a ValueError to ensure the exception is not masked. 
                raise ValueError('Exception raised in callable attribute "{0}"; original exception was: {1}'.format(attr, exc)) 
 
    return instance

import types 
 
def func(arg): 
    if isinstance(arg,types.FunctionType,): 
        print('yes') 
        arg() 
    else: 
        print('NO') 
 
func(lambda :1) 
func(111) 
 
#执行结果： 
yes 
NO

class CheckGroupData(serializers.Serializer): 
    id=serializers.IntegerField(error_messages={'required':'id不能为空'}) 
    name=serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required':'组名不能为空'}) 
class GroupView(APIView): 
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
 
        group_id=kwargs.get('xxx') 
        group_obj=models.UserGroup.objects.get(id=group_id) 
        res=UserGroupSerializer(instance=group_obj,many=False) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象，当有多条数据时候，使用many=True,单个对象many=False 
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res.data,ensure_ascii=False)) 
 
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
        ret=CheckGroupData(data=request.data)#这里配置了全局json解析器,使用request.data直接获取数据 
        if ret.is_valid(): 
            print(ret.validated_data) 
            #获取某个字段数据ret.validated_data.get('name') 
            return HttpResponse('数据验证成功') 
        else: 
            print(ret.errors) 
            return HttpResponse('数据验证失败')

#自定义验证规则 
class MyValidation(object): 
    def __init__(self,base): 
        self.base = base 
 
    def __call__(self, value): #value是字段值，默认传递 
        if value == 'wd': 
            message = "关键字%s不能是%s"%(self.base,value) 
            raise serializers.ValidationError(message) 
 
 
class MySerializer(serializers.Serializer): 
    name = serializers.CharField(validators=[MyValidation(base='name_field'),]) 
 
 
 
class GroupView(APIView): 
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
 
        group_id=kwargs.get('xxx') 
        group_obj=models.UserGroup.objects.get(id=group_id) 
        res=UserGroupSerializer(instance=group_obj,many=False) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象，当有多条数据时候，使用many=True,单个对象many=False 
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res.data,ensure_ascii=False)) 
 
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
        ret=MySerializer(data=request.data)#这里配置了全局json解析器,使用request.data直接获取数据 
        if ret.is_valid(): 
            print(ret.validated_data) 
            #获取某个字段数据ret.validated_data.get('name') 
            return HttpResponse('数据验证成功') 
        else: 
            print(ret.errors) 
            return HttpResponse('数据验证失败')

class MySerializer(serializers.Serializer): 
    name = serializers.CharField() 
 
    def validate_name(self,value): # 验证的字段值 
        if value.startswith("w"): 
            raise serializers.ValidationError('name字段不能以w开头') 
        else: 
            return value #注意通过验证，必须返回其值 
 
class GroupView(APIView): 
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
 
        group_id=kwargs.get('xxx') 
        group_obj=models.UserGroup.objects.get(id=group_id) 
        res=UserGroupSerializer(instance=group_obj,many=False) #instance接受queryset对象或者单个model对象，当有多条数据时候，使用many=True,单个对象many=False 
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res.data,ensure_ascii=False)) 
 
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs): 
        ret=MySerializer(data=request.data)#这里配置了全局json解析器,使用request.data直接获取数据 
        if ret.is_valid(): 
            print(ret.validated_data) 
            #获取某个字段数据ret.validated_data.get('name') 
            return HttpResponse('数据验证成功') 
        else: 
            print(ret.errors) 
            return HttpResponse('数据验证失败')