Hive 数据模型
Hive 数据表有五种类型:内部表,外部表,分区表,桶表,视图表,默认以 tab 分隔
* MySQL (Oracle) 表默认以逗号分隔,因此,要想导入 MySQL(Oracle) 数据,需要设置分隔符,在建表语句后加:
row format delimited fields terminated by ',';
内部表: 相当于 MySQL 中的表,将数据保存到Hive 自己的数据仓库目录中:/usr/hive/warehouse
例子:
create table emp
(empno int,
ename string,
job string,
mgr int,
hiredate string,
sal int,
comm int,
deptno int
);
导入数据到表中:本地、HDFS
load语句、insert语句
load语句相当于ctrl+X
load data inpath '/scott/emp.csv' into table emp; —-> 导入HDFS
load data local inpath '/root/temp/***' into table emp; —-> 导入本地文件
创建表,并且指定分隔符
create table emp1
(empno int,
ename string,
job string,
mgr int,
hiredate string,
sal int,
comm int,
deptno int
)row format delimited fields terminated by ',';
创建部门表,保存部门数据
create table dept
(deptno int,
dname string,
loc string
)row format delimited fields terminated by ',';
load data inpath '/scott/dept.csv' into table dept;
外部表:相对于内部表,数据不在自己的数据仓库中,只保存数据的元信息
例子:
(*)实验的数据
[root@bigdata11 ~]# hdfs dfs -cat /students/student01.txt
1,Tom,23
2,Mary,24
[root@bigdata11 ~]# hdfs dfs -cat /students/student02.txt
3,Mike,26
(*)定义:(1)表结构 (2)指向的路径
create external table students_ext
(sid int,sname string,age int)
row format delimited fields terminated by ','
location '/students';
分区表:将数据按照设定的条件分开存储,提高查询效率,分区—–> 目录
例子:
(*)根据员工的部门号建立分区
create table emp_part
(empno int,
ename string,
job string,
mgr int,
hiredate string,
sal int,
comm int
)partitioned by (deptno int)
row format delimited fields terminated by ',';
往分区表中导入数据:指明分区
insert into table emp_part partition(deptno=10) select empno,ename,job,mgr,hiredate,sal,comm from emp1 where deptno=10;
insert into table emp_part partition(deptno=20) select empno,ename,job,mgr,hiredate,sal,comm from emp1 where deptno=20;
insert into table emp_part partition(deptno=30) select empno,ename,job,mgr,hiredate,sal,comm from emp1 where deptno=30;
桶 表: 本质上也是一种分区表,类似 hash 分区 桶 —-> 文件
例子:
创建一个桶表,按照员工的职位job分桶
create table emp_bucket
(empno int,
ename string,
job string,
mgr int,
hiredate string,
sal int,
comm int,
deptno int
)clustered by (job) into 4 buckets
row format delimited fields terminated by ',';
使用桶表,需要打开一个开关
set hive.enforce.bucketing=true;
使用子查询插入数据
insert into emp_bucket select * from emp1;
视图表:视图表是一个虚表,不存储数据,用来简化复杂的查询
例子:
查询部门名称、员工的姓名
create view myview
as
select dept.dname,emp1.ename
from emp1,dept
where emp1.deptno=dept.deptno;
select * from myview;
原创文章,作者:Maggie-Hunter,如若转载,请注明出处:https://blog.ytso.com/193458.html