ABAP 面试问题和答案详解编程语言

1. What is an ABAP data dictionary?– ABAP 4 data dictionary describes the logical structures of the objects used in application development and shows how they are mapped to the underlying relational database in tables/views.
2. What are domains and data element?– Domains:Domain is the central object for describing the technical characteristics of an attribute of an business objects. It describes the value range of the field. Data Element: It is used to describe the semantic definition of the table fields like description the field. Data element describes how a field can be displayed to end-user.
3. What is foreign key relationship?– A relationship which can be defined between tables and must be explicitly defined at field level. Foreign keys are used to ensure the consistency of data. Data entered should be checked against existing data to ensure that there are now contradiction. While defining foreign key relationship cardinality has to be specified. Cardinality mentions how many dependent records or how referenced records are possible.
4. Describe data classes.– Master data: It is the data which is seldomly changed. Transaction data: It is the data which is often changed. Organization data: It is a customizing data which is entered in the system when the system is configured and is then rarely changed. System data:It is the data which R/3 system needs for itself.
5. What are indexes?– Indexes are described as a copy of a database table reduced to specific fields. This data exists in sorted form. This sorting form ease fast access to the field of the tables. In order that other fields are also read, a pointer to the associated record of the actual table are included in the index. Yhe indexes are activated along with the table and are created automatically with it in the database.
6. Difference between transparent tables and pooled tables.– Transparent tables: Transparent tables in the dictionary has a one-to-one relation with the table in database. Its structure corresponds to single database field. Table in the database has the same name as in the dictionary. Transparent table holds application data. Pooled tables. Pooled tables in the dictionary has a many-to-one relation with the table in database. Table in the database has the different name as in the dictionary. Pooled table are stored in table pool at the database level.
7. What is an ABAP/4 Query?– ABAP/4 Query is a powerful tool to generate simple reports without any coding. ABAP/4 Query can generate the following 3 simple reports: Basic List: It is the simple reports. Statistics: Reports with statistical functions like Average, Percentages. Ranked Lists: For analytical reports. – For creating a ABAP/4 Query, programmer has to create user group and a functional group. Functional group can be created using with or without logical database table. Finally, assign user group to functional group. Finally, create a query on the functional group generated.
8. What is BDC programming?– Transferring of large/external/legacy data into SAP system using Batch Input programming. Batch input is a automatic procedure referred to as BDC(Batch Data Communications).The central component of the transfer is a queue file which receives the data vie a batch input programs and groups associated data into “sessions”.
9. What are the functional modules used in sequence in BDC?– These are the 3 functional modules which are used in a sequence to perform a data transfer successfully using BDC programming: BDC_OPEN_GROUP – Parameters like Name of the client, sessions and user name are specified in this functional modules. BDC_INSERT – It is used to insert the data for one transaction into a session. BDC_CLOSE_GROUP – This is used to close the batch input session.
10. What are internal tables?– Internal tables are a standard data type object which exists only during the runtime of the program. They are used to perform table calculations on subsets of database tables and for re-organising the contents of database tables according to users need.
11. What is ITS? What are the merits of ITS?– ITS is a Internet Transaction Server. ITS forms an interface between HTTP server and R/3 system, which converts screen provided data by the R/3 system into HTML documents and vice-versa. Merits of ITS: A complete web transaction can be developed and tested in R/3 system. All transaction components, including those used by the ITS outside the R/3 system at runtime, can be stored in the R/3 system. The advantage of automatic language processing in the R/3 system can be utilized to language-dependent HTML documents at runtime.
12. What is DynPro?– DynPro is a Dynamic Programming which is a combination of screen and the associated flow logic Screen is also called as DynPro.
13. What are screen painter and menu painter?– Screen painter: Screen painter is a tool to design and maintain screen and its elements. It allows user to create GUI screens for the transactions. Attributes, layout, filed attributes and flow logic are the elements of Screen painter. Menu painter: Menu painter is a tool to design the interface components. Status, menu bars, menu lists, F-key settings, functions and titles are the components of Menu painters. Screen painter and menu painter both are the graphical interface of an ABAP/4 applications.
14. What are the components of SAP scripts?– SAP scripts is a word processing tool of SAP which has the following components: Standard text. It is like a standard normal documents. Layout sets. – Layout set consists of the following components: Windows and pages, Paragraph formats, Character formats. Creating forms in the R/3 system. Every layout set consists of Header, paragraph, and character string. ABAP/4 program.
15. What is ALV programming in ABAP? When is this grid used in ABAP?– ALV is Application List viewer. Sap provides a set of ALV (ABAP LIST VIEWER) function modules which can be put into use to embellish the output of a report. This set of ALV functions is used to enhance the readability and functionality of any report output. Cases arise in sap when the output of a report contains columns extending more than 255 characters in length. In such cases, this set of ALV functions can help choose selected columns and arrange the different columns from a report output and also save different variants for report display. This is a very efficient tool for dynamically sorting and arranging the columns from a report output. The report output can contain up to 90 columns in the display with the wide array of display options.
16. What are the events in ABAP/4 language?– Initialization, At selection-screen, Start-of-selection, end-of-selection, top-of-page, end-of-page, At line-selection, At user-command, At PF, Get, At New, At LAST, AT END, AT FIRST.
17. What is CTS and what do you know about it?– The Change and Transport System (CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in Customizing, and then transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients in your system landscape. This documentation provides you with an overview of how to manage changes with the CTS and essential information on setting up your system and client landscape and deciding on a transport strategy. Read and follow this documentation when planning your development project.
18. What are logical databases? What are the advantages/ dis-advantages of logical databases?– To read data from a database tables we use logical database. A logical database provides read-only access to a group of related tables to an ABAP/4 program. Advantages: i)check functions which check that user input is complete, correct,and plausible. ii)Meaningful data selection. iii)central authorization checks for database accesses. iv)good read access performance while retaining the hierarchical data view determined by the application logic. dis advantages: i)If you donot specify a logical database in the program attributes,the GET events never occur. ii)There is no ENDGET command,so the code block associated with an event ends with the next event statement (such as another GET or an END-OF-SELECTION).
19. What is a batch input session?– BATCH INPUT SESSION is an intermediate step between internal table and database table. Data along with the action is stored in session ie data for screen fields, to which screen it is passed, program name behind it, and how next screen is processed.
20. How to upload data using CATT ?– These are the steps to be followed to Upload data through CATT: Creation of the CATT test case & recording the sample data input. Download of the source file template. Modification of the source file. Upload of the data from the source file.
21. What is Smart Forms?– Smart Forms allows you to create forms using a graphical design tool with robust functionality, color, and more. Additionally, all new forms developed at SAP will be created with the new Smart Form solution.
22. How can I make a differentiation between dependent and independent data?– Client dependent or independent transfer requirements include client specific or cross client objects in the change requests. Workbench objects like SAPscripts are client specific, some entries in customizing are client independent. If you display the object list for one change request, and then for each object the object attributes, you will find the flag client specific. If one object in the task list has this flag on, then that transport will be client dependent.
23. What is the difference between macro and subroutine?– Macros can only be used in the program the are defined in and only after the definition are expanded at compilation / generation. Subroutines (FORM) can be called from both the program the are defined in and other programs . A MACRO is more or less an abbreviation for some lines of code that are used more than once or twice. A FORM is a local subroutine (which can be called external). A FUNCTION is (more or less) a subroutine that is called external. Since debugging a MACRO is not really possible, prevent the use of them (I’ve never used them, but seen them in action). If the subroutine is used only local (called internal) use a FORM. If the subroutine is called external (used by more than one program) use a FUNCTION.

1. Can we write the code both call transaction and session method in single program?

Ans. Yes it is possible to write call transaction and session in one program.

2. Which BDC you prefer?

Ans. If we want to transfer large amount of data and when we need to use more than one transaction code we prefer session method. For small or less amount of data and for single transaction use call transaction.

(This is more genric answer but you can add more on to this if you have worked on  BDC)

3. When u prefer LSMW?

Ans. When we need to update medium amount of data we use LSMW. LSMW is also used when the person like functional consultant has less programming language.

5. Difference between .include and  .append?

Ans.

Include structure allows to add one or more structure into structure or table.Also placed positioning anywhere. Upto 6 include structure can be used in a table.

Append structure can be placed only at the end of a structure or table which also stops further insertion of fields.Only one append structure can be used

6. Preformance techniques

Ans.

1. The sequence of fields must be same as per database table

2. During writing select query write all fields in sequence as per database table.

3. Never write select statements inside loop….endloop.

4. Use st05 SQL trace, se30 run time analysis, code inspector, slin,etc.

5. Use select single * statement instead of select *

6. Always use primary key

7. Use binary search but before using binary search sort that table.

7. How to debug sapscripts ?

Ans.

Two ways to debug sapscript . first way is goto SE 71 and from menu bar select Utilities->activate debugger .then goto SE38 execute the print program ,it automatically goes to debugging mode …..the other way is , run the program RSTXDBUG in se 38 . execute it . a message will show that debugger is activated .now open the print program in se 38 …u vll notice that the print prgm is automatically diverted to debugging mode.

8. What is partner selection?

Ans. This concept is mainly used in IDOC where u select the partner profile using Tcode We20 .with  Tcode SM59 you create RFC(remote function call) to create communication link to a remote system.

10. What is occurs in internal table?

Ans. Occurs addition to the Declaration will give initial size to that table.occur statement allocates 8kb of memory to the internal table.

11. What is page window?

Ans : page window is nothing but a container of a page ,which uniquely identifies a set of data …for example while creating invoice …we create logo window , billing document header window , customer window , terms and condition window etc …

12. What is the difference between scrolling a table horizontally and vertically..??

Ans: In table control when you scroll a table vertically presentation server needs to call application server to fetch the next record and display in the table while in case of horizontal scroll there is no need to call application server.

13. What are Field Groups?

Ans: A group that combines several fields fewer than one name, at runtime, the INSERT command is used to define which data fields are assigned to which field group are called Field Groups. It should always be a HEADER field group that defines how the extracted data will be sorted; the fields grouped under the HEADER field group sort the data.

14. List the events in ABAP/4 Language?

Ans: The events in ABAP/4 are load of program ,Initialization, Selection Screen, Start of Selection, End of Selection, Top of page, Line selection, User command, End, First.

15.How the values will be passed to RFC Function module PassbyValue or Passbyreference?

Ans: always Pass by Value.

RFC is Remote Function call so it can’t access the values with Pass by reference.

16. Buffering concept usage?

Ans: There are three type of buffer

1 single record

2 generic buffer

3 full buffer

Buffering is use for improve performance. it improves performance  10 to 100 times more

17. Select up to 1 row and select single difference ?

Ans:  Select single fetches first matching record. If more than one matching records are there then only the first matching record will be considered other records will not be taken into account. Where as select up to 1 rows will fetch all the matching records from the database.(Again it will assign only One Record to the internal table/Work area)

18. What are the different buffering methods?

There are two different buffering methods

The system ensures that data transfer between the R/3 System and the database system is as efficient as possible. To do this, it uses the following techniques:

Table buffering: The program accesses data from the buffer of the application server.

Database request buffering: Individual database entries are not read or passed to the database until required by an OPEN SQL statement.

19. Different types of locks?

v  Read lock (shared lock)

Protects read access to an object. The read lock allows other transactions read access but not write access to the locked area of the table.

v  o Write lock (exclusive lock)

Protects write access to an object. The write lock allows other transactions neither read nor write access to the locked area of the table.

v  o Enhanced write lock (exclusive lock without cumulation)

Works like a write lock except that the enhanced write lock also protects from further accesses from the same transaction.

20. CHAIN END CHAIN?

Ans: Chain and end chain are used for multiple field validation in Module pool programming .It is written inside the screen flow logic.

21.How to Debug RFC Function module?

Ans:

SE38 -> Utilities -> Settings -> ABAP Editor -> Debugging

Activate the external debugging and choose the New Debugger option in ABAP debugger.

Go to the particular place in the code and put break point, pop will appear then choose the HTTP break point.

If you are triggering the RFC from SAP portal make sure that both the user ID should be same

If the users are different then provide the XI/Portal User ID in the users field.

22.Why sapscripts are client dependent and smartforms are client independent.?

Ans-: Smartforms create its own function module so it doesn’t need to transport the request through SCC1.As all the Development Object are stored in client independent tables. Whereas Script doesn’t generate  any function module while executing so we need to transport the request number through SCC1.Sap script is stroed in side the client depended table as a TEXT.so sapscripts are client dependent and smartforms are client independent.

23. Difference between user exit and BADIs?

Ans: User exit is for single implementation and it is procedural approach while BADIs are for multiple implementation and object oriented approach.

Multiple implementation means Reusability… because we use OOps Concepts for BADI.

24. Control break events in ABAP:-

1. AT-FIRST: This is used when we want to execute the statements before records are processed.

2. AT-LAST: This event is used when we want to execute the statements after all records are processed.

3. AT-NEW: This event is used when we want to execute the statement before group of records are processed.

4. AT-END: This event is used when we want to execute the statements after processing of group of records.

25.I am uploading 100 records out of which say 59th record has error so what will happen if i am using synchronous or asynchronous method of BDC? Can we update the database using local update mode how?

26. Suppose i am writing following code then what will be output?

LOAD-OF-PROGRAM.

WRITE:/”HELLO”.

Ans:  HELLO

(Explain the importance of LOAD-OF-PROGRAM Event.If you dont know Tell the interviewer as this event is used in such cases when you want to clear sum buffers or something Before calling that Program)

27. What is TMG?

Ans. TMG stands for Table Maintenance generator. It is a tool available in abap by which we can add or delete multiple records at a time and it is executed or triggered by the transaction code SM30.

28. Difference between select option and ranges ?

Ans. The main difference between select option and ranges is that ranges implicitly or automatically creates internal table with fields like OPTION,LOW,HIGH,SIGN,etc . Where as in case of select option we have to explicitly create internal table.

When u declares a select options it will implicitly declare an internal table (ranges) for you.

While using RANGES syntax u can declare internal table explicitly.

The only need of declaring ranges is when you r not taking input from the user but you want make limit based selection at that time it will be use full e.g. SELECT ** from ** where MATNR in val_range.

here u can use select-option or ranges : val_range.

29. is it possible to bring select option in module pool screens?

Ans.Create a SELECT-OPTIONS in module pool screen using two methods as shown.

Method 1:—

a) Create a subscreen area in your screen layout where you want to create the select options.

b) In the top include of your module pool program declare a selection screen as a subscreen e.g.

SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF SCREEN 100 AS SUBSCREEN.

select-options s_matnr for mara-matnr.

SELECTION-SCREEN END OF SCREEN.

c) In the PBO and PAI of the main screen where the select options needs to be created do a call subscreen of the above screen (100).

CALL SUBCREEN sub_area INCLUDING <program> <screen>

This CALL SUBSCREEN statement is necessary for transport of values between screen and program.

Note: All validations of the selection screen fields e.g. the s_matnr field created above should be done in selection screen events like AT SELECTION-SCREEN etc and not in PAI. These selection screen validations etc should be done in the top include only.

Method 2:—–

a) Create 2 separate fields in your screen layout – one for the low value and one for the high value. Insert an icon beside the high value which will call the multiple selections popup screen on user command. Use function module COMPLEX_SELECTIONS_DIALOG to achieve this.

continued ……

struc_tab_and_field-fieldname = con_cust. ” ‘KUNNR’

struc_tab_and_field-tablename = con_kna1. ” ‘KNA1&prime;.

CALL FUNCTION ‘COMPLEX_SELECTIONS_DIALOG’ EXPORTING*

TITLE = ‘ ‘

text = g_titl1 ” ‘Customers’

tab_and_field = struc_tab_and_field

TABLES RANGE = rng_kunnr

EXCEPTIONS

NO_RANGE_TAB = 1

CANCELLED = 2

INTERNAL_ERROR = 3

INVALID_FIELDNAME = 4

OTHERS = 5.

IF NOT rng_kunnr[] IS INITIAL.

* Read the very first entry of the range table and pass it to

* dynpro screen field

*READ TABLE rng_kunnr INDEX 1.

IF sy-subrc = 0.

g_cust = rng_kunnr-low.

ENDIF.

ENDIF.

You can use the return table rng_kunnr to populate your own internal range table with the values entered by the user. Basically here you are just simulating the work of a select-options parameter by module pool screen elements.

30.how we can retrive data using secondary index.explain with simple example

Ans:  First create secondary indexes on required fields of a particular database table.

We can create one primary index and 15 secondary indexes.Once the respective secondary indexes are created write select queries and within select queries specify secondary indexes field name with where clause.

31.How can we handle table control in BDC?

Ans.We can handle table control using line index

Line index indicates which line of Table control is to be use for BDC transaction

Ex –

perform bdc_field using ‘RC29K-AUSKZ(01)’

Indicates 1st line of table control is going to be used for transaction which is Line index of Table Control

32. If i want to execute a BDC program only in background not in foreground is there any option for this?

Ans.The sm37 transaction can be used for running a program in the background. Also in the session method while processing the session you can specify the processing type as background or foreground.

33.How Can We upload a text file having Delimiters in to Legacy System

Ans.For up loading text file we use the pre-defined FM gui_upload. in that FM we have the parameter has_field_seperator for that we assign the default delimiter ‘x’.

HAS_FIELD_SEPERATOR ‘X’

‘X’ can provide the Whatever delimiter we used in flat file for separation.

34. What is the land scape in sap.

Ans. In every organisation sap landscape involves three servers viz, Development server, Quality server and Production server. Whatever new development we do as per clients requirement is done in development server. Later to test the developed object we move it to quality server for testing and finally once everything goes clear then the object is moved to production server ,production server data is ready for final business use.

35. Workbench request are client dependent or client independent

Ans. Workbench request are client independent.

(Common Man Workbench request holds the Program , FM etc…. How it can be Client Dependent!!!!)

36. Tell me about workbench request and customization requests.

Ans.Workbench (ABAP Dev) request is client independent when you import it into one system it reflact it in all client in same system, but customized request has to import in that client perticular client where it is created, actually it is client dependent.

Other  Interview questions…

SAP SCRIPTS & FORMS

1. Can we write the code/program inside sap script?

2. How will u create sapscripts & smartforms in multiple language?

3.How to execute sap script & smart forms in Background?

4.How to do total & subtotal in scripts & forms?

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DATA DICTIONARY

1.Apart from .include & .append how will u do table enhancement?

2.what r the events of table maintainence generator?

3.what will happen if i use projection view and maintainence view together?

4. I created ZEMP table now i want to add more data but prev. data should not disturb how can i do this?

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REPORTS

1.How will u print footers in alv report?

2.How will u edit fields from output list of alv?

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BDC

1.what r the fields u took during recording for mmo1,me21n?

2.If u want to do bdc for xd01 explain me how will be the flow?

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user exits

1.what r enhancement points?

2.How to write customer exits?

3.what is routine? how it is different from user exits?

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