在 C++ 中,结构体提供了一种将信息组织到字段和记录中的便捷方法。例如,下面的结构体声明可以用来创建一个包含某人信息的记录:
const int NAME_SIZE = 51, ADDR_SIZE = 51, PHONE_SIZE = 14; struct Info { char name[NAME_SIZE]; int age; char address1[ADDR_SIZE]; char address2[ADDR_SIZE]; char phone[PHONE_SIZE]; };
除了提供信息的组织结构之外,结构体还可以将信息打包成一个单元。例如,假设结构体变量 person 被声明如下:
Info person;
一旦 person 的成员(或字段)填充了信息,则可以使用 write 函数将整个变量写入一个文件中:
file.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(Sperson), sizeof(person));
第一个实参是 person 变量的地址。reinterpret_cast<char*> 转换操作符是必需的,因为 write 需要第一个实参是一个指向 char 的指针。如果将除 char 之外的其他任何东西的地址传递给 write 函数,则必须使用转换操作符使它看起来像是一个指向 char 的指针。第二个实参是 sizeof 运算符,它告诉 write 有多少个字节要写入文件。
下面的程序演示了这种技术:
//This program demonstrates the use of a structure variable to //store a record of information to a file. #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <cstring> #include <cctype> // for toupper using namespace std; const int NAME_SIZE = 51, ADDR_SIZE = 51, PHONE_SIZE = 14; struct Info { char name[NAME_SIZE]; int age; char address1[ADDR_SIZE]; char address2[ADDR_SIZE]; char phone[PHONE_SIZE]; }; int main() { Info person; // Store information about a person char response; // User response string input; // Used to read strings // Create file object and open file fstream people("people.dat", ios::out | ios::binary); if (!people) { cout << "Error opening file. Program aborting./n"; return 0; } // Keep getting information from user and writing it to the file in binary mode do { cout << "Enter person information:/n"; cout << "Name: "; getline (cin, input); strcpy(person.name, input.c_str()); cout << "Age:"; cin >> person.age; cin.ignore(); // Skip over remaining newline cout << "Address line 1: "; getline(cin, input); strcpy(person.address1, input.c_str()); cout << "Address line 2: "; getline(cin, input); strcpy(person.address2, input.c_str()); cout << "Phone : "; getline(cin, input); strcpy(person.phone, input.c_str()); people.write(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person), sizeof(person)); cout << "Do you want to enter another record? "; cin >> response; cin.ignore(); } while (toupper(response) == 'Y'); // Close file people.close (); return 0; }
程序输出结果:
Enter person information:
Name: http://c.biancheng.net
Age:5
Address line 1: no1
Address line 2: no2
Phone : 123456
Do you want to enter another record? N
注意,由于结构可以包含混合的数据类型,所以当打开一个文件来存储它们时,应该总是使用 ios::binary 模式。
此程序允许通过填充 person 变量的成员来创建一个文件,然后把变量写入文件。要将 C 字符串读入一个数组,则程序首先应使用 getline 函数读取字符串对象,然后使用 strcpy 将 C 字符串移动到字符数组中。下面的程序打开文件并将每个记录读入 person 变量,然后在屏幕上显示该信息:
// This program demonstrates the use of a structure // variable to read a record of information from a file. #include <iostream> #include <fstream> using namespace std; const int NAME_SIZE = 51, ADDR_SIZE = 51, PH〇NE_SIZE = 14; struct Info { char name[NAME_SIZE]; int age; char addressl[ADDR_SIZE]; char address2 [ADDR_SIZE]; char phone[PHONE_SIZE]; }; int main() { Info person; // Store person information char response; // User response // Create file object and open file for binary reading fstream people("people.dat", ios::in | ios:ibinary); if (!people) { cout << "Error opening file. Program aborting./n"; return 0; } // Label the output cout << "Here are the people in the file:/n/n"; // Read one structure at a time and echo to screen people.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person), sizeof (person)); while (!people.eof()) { cout << "Name: "; cout << person.name << endl; cout << "Age: "; cout << person.age << endl; cout << "Address line 1: "; cout << person.address1 << endl; cout << "Address line 2: "; cout << person.address2 << endl; cout << "Phone: "; cout << person.phone << endl; cout << "/nStrike any key to see the next record./n"; cin.get (response); people.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&person), sizeof(person)); } cout << "That's all the information in the file!/n"; people.close(); return 0; }
程序输出结果:
Here are the people in the file:
Name: http://c.biancheng.net
Age: 5
Address line 1: no1
Address line 2: no2
Phone: 123456
Strike any key to see the next record.
That's all the information in the file!
注意,如果结构中包含指针,则使用本节介绍的技术将无法正确存储到磁盘。这是因为如果在程序的后续运行中将结构读入内存中,则不能保证所有程序变量都位于相同的内存位置。由于 string 类对象包含隐式指针,所以它们不能作为将要存储的结构的一部分。
原创文章,作者:奋斗,如若转载,请注明出处:https://blog.ytso.com/22158.html