Linux内核中有一个md(multiple devices)模块在底层管理RAID设备,它会在应用层给我们提供一个应用程序的工具mdadm。
mdadm用于构建、管理和监视Linux MD设备(即RAID阵列)
(1).mdadm的常用选项
-C,--create 新建一个阵列 -r,--remove 删除列出的设备,设备不可处于活动状态 -A,--assemble 激活阵列 -l,--level== 设置阵列级别 -D,--detail 打印一个或多个阵列设备信息 -n,--raid-devices= 指定阵列成员信息 -s,-scan 扫描配置文件或/proc/mdstat得到阵列缺失信息 -x或--spare-devices= 指定阵列中备用盘的数量 -f,--fail 将列出的设备标记为故障 -c,--chunk= 指定阵列的块大小。默认512K -a,--add 添加设备到阵列 -G,--grow改变阵列大小和形态 -v,--verbose 显示详细信息 -S,--stop 停止阵列,释放所有资源
(2).实例
实验环境:CentOS7
raid类型 | 磁盘或分区 | 热备盘 |
raid0 | sdb、sdc | |
raid1 | sdd、sde | sdf |
raid5 | sdg、sdh、sdi | sdj |
raid10 | sdk1、sdk2、sdk3、sdk4 |
1)创建raid0
[[email protected] ~]# ls /dev/sd* /dev/sda /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdd /dev/sdf /dev/sdh /dev/sdj /dev/sda1 /dev/sda3 /dev/sdc /dev/sde /dev/sdg /dev/sdi /dev/sdk [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -v -C /dev/md0 -l 0 -n 2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K mdadm: partition table exists on /dev/sdb mdadm: partition table exists on /dev/sdb but will be lost or meaningless after creating array Continue creating array? y mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D //提示没有给出设备 mdadm: No devices given. [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Ds //指定从配置文件或内存文件(/proc/mdadm)中读取 ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 name=xuexi:0 UUID=d1143d41:be8e61b8:d368f0a1:8df95826 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv //显示更详细一些 ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid0 num-devices=2 metadata=1.2 name=xuexi:0 UUID=d1143d41:be8e61b8:d368f0a1:8df95826 devices=/dev/sdb,/dev/sdc [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 //也可以直接指定设备 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Mar 17 21:51:29 2019 Raid Level : raid0 //raid级别 Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB) //GiB是用1024计算,GB是用1000计算 Raid Devices : 2 //raid盘 Total Devices : 2 //总共拥有的盘(raid盘+热备盘) Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sun Mar 17 21:51:29 2019 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Chunk Size : 512K //chunk块大小 Consistency Policy : none Name : xuexi:0 (local to host xuexi) UUID : d1143d41:be8e61b8:d368f0a1:8df95826 Events : 0 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 16 0 active sync /dev/sdb //组成的设备信息 1 8 32 1 active sync /dev/sdc //组成的设备信息 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv > /etc/mdadm.conf //生成配置文件,配置文件名固定。
raid的格式化和挂载和正常的设备没有什么区别,当成正常的设备即可,如下:
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md0 meta-data=/dev/md0 isize=512 agcount=16, agsize=654720 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=10475520, imaxpct=25 = sunit=128 swidth=256 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=5120, version=2 = sectsz=512 sunit=8 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 [[email protected] ~]# mkdir /raid0 [[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid0/ [[email protected] ~]# df -h /dev/md0 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 /dev/md0 40G 33M 40G 1% /raid0
开机自动挂载也是如正常设备一样。(blkid /dev/md0可以获得UUID)
2)创建raid1
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -v -C /dev/md1 -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/sd[d,e,f] mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to store '/boot' on this device please ensure that your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use --metadata=0.90 mdadm: size set to 20954112K Continue creating array? y mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md1 started. [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid0 num-devices=2 metadata=1.2 name=xuexi:0 UUID=d1143d41:be8e61b8:d368f0a1:8df95826 devices=/dev/sdb,/dev/sdc ARRAY /dev/md1 level=raid1 num-devices=2 metadata=1.2 spares=1 name=xuexi:1 UUID=4b922235:5a26daf2:2eed2067:959a76ee devices=/dev/sdd,/dev/sde,/dev/sdf [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv > /etc/mdadm.conf //生成配置文件 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1 /dev/md1: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Mar 17 22:13:13 2019 Raid Level : raid1 //raid级别 Array Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 2 //raid盘 Total Devices : 3 //总共拥有的盘 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sun Mar 17 22:13:40 2019 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Consistency Policy : resync //如果此处显示百分比,则代表正在同步 Name : xuexi:1 (local to host xuexi) UUID : 4b922235:5a26daf2:2eed2067:959a76ee Events : 17 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 48 0 active sync /dev/sdd 1 8 64 1 active sync /dev/sde 2 8 80 - spare /dev/sdf
模拟磁盘故障,自动顶替故障盘
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md1 //格式化 meta-data=/dev/md1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1309632 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=5238528, imaxpct=25 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2 = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 [[email protected] ~]# mkdir /raid1 [[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/md1 /raid1 //挂载 [[email protected] ~]# cp /etc/passwd /raid1/ //拷贝数据 [[email protected] ~]# cp -r /boot/grub /raid1/ [[email protected] ~]# df -h /dev/md1 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 /dev/md1 20G 33M 20G 1% /raid1 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1 /dev/md1: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Mar 17 22:13:13 2019 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sun Mar 17 22:31:04 2019 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Consistency Policy : resync Name : xuexi:1 (local to host xuexi) UUID : 4b922235:5a26daf2:2eed2067:959a76ee Events : 17 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 48 0 active sync /dev/sdd 1 8 64 1 active sync /dev/sde 2 8 80 - spare /dev/sdf [[email protected] ~]# mdadm /dev/md1 -f /dev/sde //将/dev/sde标记为坏盘 mdadm: set /dev/sde faulty in /dev/md1 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1 /dev/md1: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Mar 17 22:13:13 2019 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sun Mar 17 22:33:36 2019 State : clean, degraded, recovering Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 1 Consistency Policy : resync Rebuild Status : 71% complete //正在同步 Name : xuexi:1 (local to host xuexi) UUID : 4b922235:5a26daf2:2eed2067:959a76ee Events : 30 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 48 0 active sync /dev/sdd 2 8 80 1 spare rebuilding /dev/sdf //热备盘正在重建 1 8 64 - faulty /dev/sde //损坏标记 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv > /etc/mdadm.conf //更新配置文件
移除损坏的盘
[[email protected] ~]# umount /raid1/ //卸载挂载 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -r /dev/md1 /dev/sde //移除坏盘 mdadm: hot removed /dev/sde from /dev/md1 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv > /etc/mdadm.conf //更新配置文件
添加新盘
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -a /dev/md1 /dev/sde //添加新盘 mdadm: added /dev/sde [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv > /etc/mdadm.conf //更新配置文件
3)创建raid5
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -v -C /dev/md5 -l 5 -n 3 -x 1 -c32 /dev/sd{g,h,i,j} mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric mdadm: size set to 20954112K mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md5 started. [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md5 /dev/md5: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Mar 17 22:51:42 2019 Raid Level : raid5 //raid级别 Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sun Mar 17 22:52:01 2019 State : clean, degraded, recovering Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 2 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 32K //chunk块大小 Consistency Policy : resync Rebuild Status : 32% complete //正在同步 Name : xuexi:5 (local to host xuexi) UUID : fa44697c:20726a38:fcf7c1d5:f584b82f Events : 6 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 96 0 active sync /dev/sdg 1 8 112 1 active sync /dev/sdh 4 8 128 2 spare rebuilding /dev/sdi 3 8 144 - spare /dev/sdj //热备盘 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv > /etc/mdadm.conf //更新配置文件
停止阵列,注意请确认数据已同步完成
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md5 mdadm: stopped /dev/md5
激活阵列,注意配置文件内必须存在
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -As mdadm: /dev/md5 has been started with 3 drives and 1 spare.
扩展raid5自盘阵列
[[email protected] ~]# mdadm -G /dev/md5 -n 4 -c 32 //将热备盘扩展进raid5 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md5 /dev/md5: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Mar 17 22:51:42 2019 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB) //如果没有同不好,raid阵列大小会暂时不变 Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sun Mar 17 23:02:11 2019 State : clean, reshaping Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 32K Consistency Policy : resync Reshape Status : 17% complete //正在同步 Delta Devices : 1, (3->4) //扩展中 Name : xuexi:5 (local to host xuexi) UUID : fa44697c:20726a38:fcf7c1d5:f584b82f Events : 48 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 96 0 active sync /dev/sdg 1 8 112 1 active sync /dev/sdh 4 8 128 2 active sync /dev/sdi 3 8 144 3 active sync /dev/sdj [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv > /etc/mdadm.conf //更新配置文件
注意:raid5只能增加不能减少,raid1可增加可减少。(少于两块盘,那就不叫raid1了啊)
4)创建raid10
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdk //创建4个分区 欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。 更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。 使用写入命令前请三思。 Device does not contain a recognized partition table 使用磁盘标识符 0x4b57a9c6 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended Select (default p): p 分区号 (1-4,默认 1): 起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048): 将使用默认值 2048 Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039,默认为 41943039):+1G 分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 1 GiB 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n Partition type: p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) e extended Select (default p): p 分区号 (2-4,默认 2): 起始 扇区 (2099200-41943039,默认为 2099200): 将使用默认值 2099200 Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2099200-41943039,默认为 41943039):+1G 分区 2 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 1 GiB 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n Partition type: p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free) e extended Select (default p): p 分区号 (3,4,默认 3): 起始 扇区 (4196352-41943039,默认为 4196352): 将使用默认值 4196352 Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (4196352-41943039,默认为 41943039):+1G 分区 3 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 1 GiB 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n Partition type: p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free) e extended Select (default e): p 已选择分区 4 起始 扇区 (6293504-41943039,默认为 6293504): 将使用默认值 6293504 Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (6293504-41943039,默认为 41943039):+1G 分区 4 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 1 GiB 命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 正在同步磁盘。 [[email protected] ~]# ls /dev/sdk* /dev/sdk /dev/sdk1 /dev/sdk2 /dev/sdk3 /dev/sdk4 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -v -C /dev/md10 -l 10 -n 4 /dev/sdk[1-4] mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K mdadm: size set to 1046528K mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md10 started. [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Dsv > /etc/mdadm.conf //更新配置文件
5)删除raid的所有信息及注意事项
[[email protected] ~]# df -h /raid* 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 /dev/md0 40G 33M 40G 1% /raid0 /dev/sda2 10G 4.7G 5.4G 47% / [[email protected] ~]# umount /raid0/ //卸载挂载 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm -Ss //停止raid设备 [[email protected] ~]# rm -rf /etc/mdadm.conf //删除配置文件 [[email protected] ~]# mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb //擦除设备中的raid标识(超级块) [[email protected] ~]# mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdc
原创文章,作者:ItWorker,如若转载,请注明出处:https://blog.ytso.com/2813.html