choices参数(数据库字段设计常见)

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用户表
性别
学历
工作经验
是否结婚
是否生子
客户来源
…
针对某个可以列举完全的可能性字段，我们应该如何存储

只要某个字段的可能性是可以列举完全的，那么一般情况下都会采用choices参数
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class User(models.Model):
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
age = models.IntegerField()
# 性别
gender_choices = (
(1,’男’),
(2,’女’),
(3,’其他’),
)
gender = models.IntegerField(choices=gender_choices)

score_choices = (
(‘A’,’优秀’),
(‘B’,’良好’),
(‘C’,’及格’),
(‘D’,’不合格’),
)
# 保证字段类型跟列举出来的元祖第一个数据类型一致即可
score = models.CharField(choices=score_choices,null=True)
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该gender字段存的还是数字 但是如果存的数字在上面元祖列举的范围之内
那么可以非常轻松的获取到数字对应的真正的内容

1.gender字段存的数字不在上述元祖列举的范围内容
2.如果在 如何获取对应的中文信息
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from app01 import models
# models.User.objects.create(username=’jason’,age=18,gender=1)
# models.User.objects.create(username=’egon’,age=85,gender=2)
# models.User.objects.create(username=’tank’,age=40,gender=3)
# 存的时候 没有列举出来的数字也能存（范围还是按照字段类型决定）
# models.User.objects.create(username=’tony’,age=45,gender=4)

# 取
# user_obj = models.User.objects.filter(pk=1).first()
# print(user_obj.gender)
# 只要是choices参数的字段 如果你想要获取对应信息 固定写法 get_字段名_display()
# print(user_obj.get_gender_display())

user_obj = models.User.objects.filter(pk=4).first()
# 如果没有对应关系 那么字段是什么还是展示什么
print(user_obj.get_gender_display()) # 4

# 实际项目案例
# CRM相关内部表
class School(models.Model):
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校区表
如：
北京沙河校区
上海校区

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title = models.CharField(verbose_name=’校区名称’, max_length=32)

def __str__(self):
return self.title

class Course(models.Model):
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课程表
如：
Linux基础
Linux架构师
Python自动化开发精英班
Python自动化开发架构师班
Python基础班
go基础班
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name = models.CharField(verbose_name=’课程名称’, max_length=32)

def __str__(self):
return self.name

class Department(models.Model):
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部门表
市场部 1000
销售 1001

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title = models.CharField(verbose_name=’部门名称’, max_length=16)
code = models.IntegerField(verbose_name=’部门编号’, unique=True, null=False)

def __str__(self):
return self.title

class UserInfo(models.Model):
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员工表
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name = models.CharField(verbose_name=’员工姓名’, max_length=16)
email = models.EmailField(verbose_name=’邮箱’, max_length=64)
depart = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=’部门’, to=”Department”,to_field=”code”)
user=models.OneToOneField(“User”,default=1)
def __str__(self):
return self.name

class ClassList(models.Model):
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班级表
如：
Python全栈 面授班 5期 10000 2017-11-11 2018-5-11
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school = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=’校区’, to=’School’)
course = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=’课程名称’, to=’Course’)
semester = models.IntegerField(verbose_name=”班级(期)”)

price = models.IntegerField(verbose_name=”学费”)
start_date = models.DateField(verbose_name=”开班日期”)
graduate_date = models.DateField(verbose_name=”结业日期”, null=True, blank=True)
memo = models.CharField(verbose_name=’说明’, max_length=256, blank=True, null=True, )

teachers = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name=’任课老师’, to=’UserInfo’,limit_choices_to={‘depart’:1002})
tutor = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=’班主任’, to=’UserInfo’,related_name=”class_list”,limit_choices_to={‘depart’:1006})

def __str__(self):
return “{0}({1}期)”.format(self.course.name, self.semester)

class Customer(models.Model):
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客户表
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qq = models.CharField(verbose_name=’qq’, max_length=64, unique=True, help_text=’QQ号必须唯一’)

name = models.CharField(verbose_name=’学生姓名’, max_length=16)
gender_choices = ((1, ‘男’), (2, ‘女’))
gender = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name=’性别’, choices=gender_choices)

education_choices = (
(1, ‘重点大学’),
(2, ‘普通本科’),
(3, ‘独立院校’),
(4, ‘民办本科’),
(5, ‘大专’),
(6, ‘民办专科’),
(7, ‘高中’),
(8, ‘其他’)
)
education = models.IntegerField(verbose_name=’学历’, choices=education_choices, blank=True, null=True, )
graduation_school = models.CharField(verbose_name=’毕业学校’, max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
major = models.CharField(verbose_name=’所学专业’, max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)

experience_choices = [
(1, ‘在校生’),
(2, ‘应届毕业’),
(3, ‘半年以内’),
(4, ‘半年至一年’),
(5, ‘一年至三年’),
(6, ‘三年至五年’),
(7, ‘五年以上’),
]
experience = models.IntegerField(verbose_name=’工作经验’, blank=True, null=True, choices=experience_choices)
work_status_choices = [
(1, ‘在职’),
(2, ‘无业’)
]
work_status = models.IntegerField(verbose_name=”职业状态”, choices=work_status_choices, default=1, blank=True,
null=True)
company = models.CharField(verbose_name=”目前就职公司”, max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
salary = models.CharField(verbose_name=”当前薪资”, max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)

source_choices = [
(1, “qq群”),
(2, “内部转介绍”),
(3, “官方网站”),
(4, “百度推广”),
(5, “360推广”),
(6, “搜狗推广”),
(7, “腾讯课堂”),
(8, “广点通”),
(9, “高校宣讲”),
(10, “渠道代理”),
(11, “51cto”),
(12, “智汇推”),
(13, “网盟”),
(14, “DSP”),
(15, “SEO”),
(16, “其它”),
]
source = models.SmallIntegerField(‘客户来源’, choices=source_choices, default=1)
referral_from = models.ForeignKey(
‘self’,
blank=True,
null=True,
verbose_name=”转介绍自学员”,
help_text=”若此客户是转介绍自内部学员,请在此处选择内部学员姓名”,
related_name=”internal_referral”
)
course = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name=”咨询课程”, to=”Course”)

status_choices = [
(1, “已报名”),
(2, “未报名”)
]
status = models.IntegerField(
verbose_name=”状态”,
choices=status_choices,
default=2,
help_text=u”选择客户此时的状态”
)

consultant = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=”课程顾问”, to=’UserInfo’, related_name=’consultanter’,limit_choices_to={‘depart’:1001})

date = models.DateField(verbose_name=”咨询日期”, auto_now_add=True)
recv_date = models.DateField(verbose_name=”当前课程顾问的接单日期”, null=True)
last_consult_date = models.DateField(verbose_name=”最后跟进日期”, )

def __str__(self):
return self.name

class ConsultRecord(models.Model):
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客户跟进记录
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customer = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=”所咨询客户”, to=’Customer’)
consultant = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=”跟踪人”, to=’UserInfo’,limit_choices_to={‘depart’:1001})
date = models.DateField(verbose_name=”跟进日期”, auto_now_add=True)
note = models.TextField(verbose_name=”跟进内容…”)

def __str__(self):
return self.customer.name + “:” + self.consultant.name

class Student(models.Model):
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学生表（已报名）
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customer = models.OneToOneField(verbose_name=’客户信息’, to=’Customer’)
class_list = models.ManyToManyField(verbose_name=”已报班级”, to=’ClassList’, blank=True)

emergency_contract = models.CharField(max_length=32, blank=True, null=True, verbose_name=’紧急联系人’)
company = models.CharField(verbose_name=’公司’, max_length=128, blank=True, null=True)
location = models.CharField(max_length=64, verbose_name=’所在区域’, blank=True, null=True)
position = models.CharField(verbose_name=’岗位’, max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
salary = models.IntegerField(verbose_name=’薪资’, blank=True, null=True)
welfare = models.CharField(verbose_name=’福利’, max_length=256, blank=True, null=True)
date = models.DateField(verbose_name=’入职时间’, help_text=’格式yyyy-mm-dd’, blank=True, null=True)
memo = models.CharField(verbose_name=’备注’, max_length=256, blank=True, null=True)

def __str__(self):
return self.customer.name

class ClassStudyRecord(models.Model):
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上课记录表 （班级记录）
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class_obj = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=”班级”, to=”ClassList”)
day_num = models.IntegerField(verbose_name=”节次”, help_text=u”此处填写第几节课或第几天课程…,必须为数字”)
teacher = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=”讲师”, to=’UserInfo’,limit_choices_to={‘depart’:1002})
date = models.DateField(verbose_name=”上课日期”, auto_now_add=True)

course_title = models.CharField(verbose_name=’本节课程标题’, max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
course_memo = models.TextField(verbose_name=’本节课程内容概要’, blank=True, null=True)
has_homework = models.BooleanField(default=True, verbose_name=”本节有作业”)
homework_title = models.CharField(verbose_name=’本节作业标题’, max_length=64, blank=True, null=True)
homework_memo = models.TextField(verbose_name=’作业描述’, max_length=500, blank=True, null=True)
exam = models.TextField(verbose_name=’踩分点’, max_length=300, blank=True, null=True)

def __str__(self):
return “{0} day{1}”.format(self.class_obj, self.day_num)

class StudentStudyRecord(models.Model):
”’
学生学习记录
”’
classstudyrecord = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=”第几天课程”, to=”ClassStudyRecord”)
student = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name=”学员”, to=’Student’)

record_choices = ((‘checked’, “已签到”),
(‘vacate’, “请假”),
(‘late’, “迟到”),
(‘noshow’, “缺勤”),
(‘leave_early’, “早退”),
)
record = models.CharField(“上课纪录”, choices=record_choices, default=”checked”, max_length=64)
score_choices = ((100, ‘A+’),
(90, ‘A’),
(85, ‘B+’),
(80, ‘B’),
(70, ‘B-‘),
(60, ‘C+’),
(50, ‘C’),
(40, ‘C-‘),
(0, ‘ D’),
(-1, ‘N/A’),
(-100, ‘COPY’),
(-1000, ‘FAIL’),
)
score = models.IntegerField(“本节成绩”, choices=score_choices, default=-1)
homework_note = models.CharField(verbose_name=’作业评语’, max_length=255, blank=True, null=True)
note = models.CharField(verbose_name=”备注”, max_length=255, blank=True, null=True)

homework = models.FileField(verbose_name=’作业文件’, blank=True, null=True, default=None)
stu_memo = models.TextField(verbose_name=’学员备注’, blank=True, null=True)
date = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name=’提交作业日期’, auto_now_add=True)

def __str__(self):
return “{0}-{1}”.format(self.classstudyrecord, self.student)

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chocies参数使用场景是非常广泛的
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