alpine 介绍
Alpine 操作系统是一个面向安全的轻型 Linux 发行版。它不同于通常 Linux 发行版，Alpine 采用了 musl libc 和 busybox 以减小系统的体积和运行时资源消耗，但功能上比 busybox 又完善的多，因此得到开源社区越来越多的青睐。在保持瘦身的同时，Alpine 还提供了自己的包管理工具 apk，可以通过 https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages 网站上查询包信息，也可以直接通过 apk 命令直接查询和安装各种软件。
Alpine 由非商业组织维护的，支持广泛场景的 Linux发行版，它特别为资深/重度Linux用户而优化，关注安全，性能和资源效能。Alpine 镜像可以适用于更多常用场景，并且是一个优秀的可以适用于生产的基础系统/环境。
Alpine Docker 镜像也继承了 Alpine Linux 发行版的这些优势。相比于其他 Docker 镜像，它的容量非常小，仅仅只有 5 MB 左右（对比 Ubuntu 系列镜像接近 200 MB），且拥有非常友好的包管理机制。官方镜像来自 docker-alpine 项目。
目前 Docker 官方已开始推荐使用 Alpine 替代之前的 Ubuntu 做为基础镜像环境。这样会带来多个好处。包括镜像下载速度加快，镜像安全性提高，主机之间的切换更方便，占用更少磁盘空间等。
下表是官方镜像的大小比较：
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID VIRTUAL SIZE
alpine latest 4e38e38c8ce0 4.799 MB
debian latest 4d6ce913b130 84.98 MB
ubuntu latest b39b81afc8ca 188.3 MB
centos latest 8efe422e6104 210 MB–Alpine 官网：https://www.alpinelinux.org/
–Alpine 官方仓库：https://github.com/alpinelinux
–MARKDOWN_HASH45a94c5ae2df00c49cca09d7d26c06ecMARKDOWNHASH 官方镜像：https://hub.docker.com//alpine/
–Alpine 官方镜像仓库：https://github.com/gliderlabs/docker-alpine
–Alpine 阿里云的镜像仓库：https://mirrors.aliyun.com/alpine/
范例：alpine安装软件
#修改源替换成阿里源，将里面 dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org 的 改成 mirrors.aliyun.com
vi etc/apk/repositories
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/alpine/v3.8/main/
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/alpine/v3.8/community/
#更新源
apk update
#安装软件
apk add vim
#删除软件
apk del openssh openntp vim
范例：
/ # apk --help
apk-tools 2.10.4, compiled for x86_64.
Installing and removing packages:
add Add PACKAGEs to 'world' and install (or upgrade) them, while ensuring that all dependencies are met
del Remove PACKAGEs from 'world' and uninstall them
System maintenance:
fix Repair package or upgrade it without modifying main dependencies
update Update repository indexes from all remote repositories
upgrade Upgrade currently installed packages to match repositories
cache Download missing PACKAGEs to cache and/or delete unneeded files from cache
Querying information about packages:
info Give detailed information about PACKAGEs or repositories
list List packages by PATTERN and other criteria
dot Generate graphviz graphs
policy Show repository policy for packages
Repository maintenance:
index Create repository index file from FILEs
fetch Download PACKAGEs from global repositories to a local directory
verify Verify package integrity and signature
manifest Show checksums of package contents
Use apk <command> --help for command-specific help.
Use apk --help --verbose for a full command listing.
This apk has coffee making abilities.
/ # apk add nginx
/ # apk info nginx
nginx-1.16.1-r6 description:
HTTP and reverse proxy server (stable version)
nginx-1.16.1-r6 webpage:
https://www.nginx.org/
nginx-1.16.1-r6 installed size:
1126400
~ # apk manifest nginx
sha1:d21a96358a10b731f8847e6d32799efdc2a7f421 etc/logrotate.d/nginx
sha1:50bd6d3b4f3e6b577d852f12cd6939719d2c2db5 etc/init.d/nginx
sha1:379c1e2a2a5ffb8c91a07328d4c9be2bc58799fd etc/nginx/scgi_params
sha1:da38e2a0dded838afbe0eade6cb837ac30fd8046 etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
sha1:cc2fcdb4605dcac23d59f667889ccbdfdc6e3668 etc/nginx/uwsgi_params
sha1:cbf596ddb3433a8e0d325f3c188bec9c1bb746b3 etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
sha1:e39dbc36680b717ec902fadc805a302f1cf62245 etc/nginx/mime.types
sha1:e9dddf20f1196bb67eef28107438b60c4060f4d3 etc/nginx/nginx.conf
sha1:7b2a4da1a14166442c10cbf9e357fa9fb53542ca etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
sha1:cd7f5dc8ccdc838a2d0107511c90adfe318a81e7 etc/conf.d/nginx
sha1:05f050f6ed86c5e6b48c2d2328e81583315431be usr/sbin/nginx
sha1:c3f02ca81f7f2c6bde3f878b3176f225c7781c7d var/lib/nginx/modules
sha1:0510312d465b86769136983657df98c1854f0b60 var/lib/nginx/run
sha1:35db17c18ce0b9f84a3cc113c8a9e94e19f632b1 var/lib/nginx/logs
sha1:7dd71afcfb14e105e80b0c0d7fce370a28a41f0a var/lib/nginx/html/index.html
sha1:95de71d58b37f9f74bede0e91bc381d6059fc2d7 var/lib/nginx/html/50x.html
~ # ls -l /bin
total 824
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Jan 16 21:52 arch -> /bin/busybox
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Jan 16 21:52 ash -> /bin/busybox
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Jan 16 21:52 base64 -> /bin/busybox
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Jan 16 21:52 bbconfig -> /bin/busybox
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 841288 Jan 15 10:36 busybox
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Jan 16 21:52 cat -> /bin/busybox
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Jan 16 21:52 chgrp -> /bin/busybox
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Jan 16 21:52 chmod -> /bin/busybox
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Jan 16 21:52 chown -> /bin/busybox
下载镜像
从docker 仓库将镜像下载到本地，命令格式如下：
docker pull 仓库服务器:端口/项目名称/镜像名称:tag(版本)号镜像下载保存的路径：
/var/lib/docker/overlay2/镜像ID注意：镜像下载完成后，会自动解压缩，比官网显示的可能会大很多，如： centos8.1.1911下载时只有70MB，下载完后显示237MB
范例：从docker官网下载镜像
docker pull hello-world
docker pull alpine
docker pull busybox
docker pull nginx
docker pull centos
docker pull centos:centos7.7.1908
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:5.7.29
docker pull mysql:5.6.47范例：下载镜像alpine
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#ls /var/lib/docker/overlay2/
l
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#du -sh /var/lib/docker/overlay2
8.0K /var/lib/docker/overlay2
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#ls /var/lib/docker/overlay2/l
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#docker pull hello-world
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
1b930d010525: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:9572f7cdcee8591948c2963463447a53466950b3fc15a247fcad1917ca215a2f
Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest
docker.io/library/hello-world:latest
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#docker pull alpine:3.11.3
3.11.3: Pulling from library/alpine
c9b1b535fdd9: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:ab00606a42621fb68f2ed6ad3c88be54397f981a7b70a79db3d1172b11c4367d
Status: Downloaded newer image for alpine:3.11.3
docker.io/library/alpine:3.11.3
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#docker pull busybox
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/busybox
bdbbaa22dec6: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:6915be4043561d64e0ab0f8f098dc2ac48e077fe23f488ac24b665166898115a
Status: Downloaded newer image for busybox:latest
docker.io/library/busybox:latest
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#docker pull centos:centos8.1.1911
centos8.1.1911: Pulling from library/centos
8a29a15cefae: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:fe8d824220415eed5477b63addf40fb06c3b049404242b31982106ac204f6700
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:centos8.1.1911
docker.io/library/centos:centos8.1.1911
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#du -sh /var/lib/docker/overlay2/*
5.9M /var/lib/docker/overlay2/1802616f4c8e0a0b52c839431b6faa8ac21f4bd831548dcbd46943d3f60061fa
16K /var/lib/docker/overlay2/5773b92e1351da5e589d0573d9f22d1ec3be1e0e98edbfcddba4b830f12c7be2
1.3M /var/lib/docker/overlay2/de31641b8d2207de7f08eabb5240474a1aaccfef08b6034dcee02b9623f8d9dc
252M /var/lib/docker/overlay2/f41df336075611f9e358e5eaf2ebd5089920a90ba68760cdec8da03edff362f7
20K /var/lib/docker/overlay2/l
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
alpine 3.11.3 e7d92cdc71fe 7 days ago 5.59MB
centos centos8.1.1911 470671670cac 7 days ago 237MB
busybox latest 6d5fcfe5ff17 4 weeks ago 1.22MB
hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 12 months ago 1.84kB
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#ls -l /var/lib/docker/overlay2/l
total 16
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 Jan 25 19:51 C5ZTDYHYDTO7BQG6HX36MU6X5K -> ../de31641b8d2207de7f08eabb5240474a1aaccfef08b6034dcee02b9623f8d9dc/diff
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 Jan 25 19:57 DEXHVNUGFLFJCSJAKISOHQG7JY -> ../f41df336075611f9e358e5eaf2ebd5089920a90ba68760cdec8da03edff362f7/diff
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 Jan 25 19:51 KJ5IA5AUHFUEQXFKJA7UDUIA7A -> ../1802616f4c8e0a0b52c839431b6faa8ac21f4bd831548dcbd46943d3f60061fa/diff
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 72 Jan 25 19:51 ZM3U4WDNHGJJX5DXHA5M4ZWAIW -> ../5773b92e1351da5e589d0573d9f22d1ec3be1e0e98edbfcddba4b830f12c7be2/diff
范例：
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:5.7.29
5.7.29: Pulling from library/mysql
804555ee0376: Pull complete
c53bab458734: Pull complete
ca9d72777f90: Pull complete
2d7aad6cb96e: Pull complete
8d6ca35c7908: Pull complete
6ddae009e760: Pull complete
327ae67bbe7b: Pull complete
9e05241b7707: Pull complete
e822978df8f0: Pull complete
14ca71ed53be: Pull complete
026afe6fd35e: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:2ca675966612f34b4036bbcfa68cb049c03e34b561fba0f88954b03931823d29
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7.29
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7.29
[root@ubuntu1804 ~]#docker pull mysql:5.6.47本文链接：http://www.yunweipai.com/34784.html
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