实战-使用 Cobbler 自定义安装系统

环境：
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810
VMware Workstation Pro 14

查看默认的 ks 文件

[root@Jaking ~]# cobbler report
distros:
==========
Name                           : CentOS-7.6-x86_64
Architecture                   : x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Breed                          : redhat
Comment                        : 
Fetchable Files                : {}
Initrd                         : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img
Kernel                         : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz
Kernel Options                 : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart Metadata             : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/CentOS-7.6-x86_64'}
Management Classes             : []
OS Version                     : rhel6
Owners                         : ['admin']
Red Hat Management Key         : <>
Red Hat Management Server      : <>
Template Files                 : {}


profiles:
==========
Name                           : CentOS-7.6-x86_64
TFTP Boot Files                : {}
Comment                        : 
DHCP Tag                       : default
Distribution                   : CentOS-7.6-x86_64
Enable gPXE?                   : 0
Enable PXE Menu?               : 1
Fetchable Files                : {}
Kernel Options                 : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install)  : {}
Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks
Kickstart Metadata             : {}
Management Classes             : []
Management Parameters          : <>
Name Servers                   : []
Name Servers Search Path       : []
Owners                         : ['admin']
Parent Profile                 : 
Internal proxy                 : 
Red Hat Management Key         : <>
Red Hat Management Server      : <>
Repos                          : []
Server Override                : <>
Template Files                 : {}
Virt Auto Boot                 : 1
Virt Bridge                    : xenbr0
Virt CPUs                      : 1
Virt Disk Driver Type          : raw
Virt File Size(GB)             : 5
Virt Path                      : 
Virt RAM (MB)                  : 512
Virt Type                      : kvm

注： distros 是发行版本，即光盘镜像信息。 profiles 指的是 ks 应答文件。 systems 是指通 Cobbler 安装好的物理机名称。

[root@Jaking ~]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/
[root@Jaking kickstarts]# ls
default.ks        legacy.ks            sample_esx4.ks   sample.ks
esxi4-ks.cfg      pxerescue.ks         sample_esxi4.ks  sample_old.seed
esxi5-ks.cfg      sample_autoyast.xml  sample_esxi5.ks  sample.seed
install_profiles  sample_end.ks        sample_esxi6.ks  sample.seed.28

可以看到有很多默认的配置文件。

上传 CentOS7.ks 到 Cobbler 服务器上。CentOS7.ks 这个配置文件里面安装了开发工具相关软件包。

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# rz



[root@Jaking kickstarts]# ls
CentOS7.ks    install_profiles     sample_end.ks    sample_esxi6.ks  sample.seed.28
default.ks    legacy.ks            sample_esx4.ks   sample.ks
esxi4-ks.cfg  pxerescue.ks         sample_esxi4.ks  sample_old.seed
esxi5-ks.cfg  sample_autoyast.xml  sample_esxi5.ks  sample.seed

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cat CentOS7.ks
# Cobbler for Kickstart Configurator for CentOS 7 by clsn
install
url --url=$tree
text
lang en_US.UTF-8
keyboard us
zerombr
bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"
#Network information
$SNIPPET('network_config')
#network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=yes --noipv6 --hostname=CentOS7
timezone --utc Asia/Shanghai
authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512
rootpw  --iscrypted $default_password_crypted
clearpart --all --initlabel
part /boot --fstype xfs --size 1024
part swap --size 1024
part / --fstype xfs --size 1 --grow
firstboot --disable
selinux --disabled
firewall --disabled
logging --level=info
reboot

%pre
$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')
$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')
$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')
# Enable installation monitoring
$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')
%end

%packages
@additional-devel
@development
@platform-devel
bash-completion
chrony
dos2unix
kexec-tools
lrzsz
sysstat
tree
vim
wget
git
net-tools
%end

%post
systemctl disable postfix.service
%end

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler profile list  #查看当前启动项，使用的配置文件
   CentOS-7.6-x86_64

修改 name 是 CentOS-7.6-x86_64 的 kickstart 文件为 CentOS7.ks

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler profile edit --name CentOS-7.6-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.ks
[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler report | grep Kickstart
Kickstart Metadata             : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/CentOS-7.6-x86_64'}
Kickstart                      : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/CentOS7.ks
Kickstart Metadata             : {}

通过给内核传参数，修改网卡名称为 eth0

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler profile edit --name CentOS-7.6-x86_64 --kopts='net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0'

配置文件内容如下：

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# vim CentOS7.ks #查看配置文件中的，默认就可以，不需要修改
# Cobbler for Kickstart Configurator for CentOS 7 by clsn
Install                 #安装系统
url --url=$tree      #url 地址为 Cobbler 内置变量
text                    #文本方式安装，修改为图形界面则为 Graphical
lang en_US.UTF-8 #语言
keyboard us         #键盘
zerombr              #该参数用于清除引导信息，需要让其生效可以在参数后添加 yes 即可。可选项，一般不用。
bootloader --location=mbr --driveorder=sda --append="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"
#指定引导装载程序怎样被安装.对于安装和升级,这个选项都是必需的.
#Network information
$SNIPPET('network_config') #该参数表示使用下方%pre 中的脚本来配置网络，相关脚本存放于/var/lib/cobbler/snippets
#如果不需要脚本配置可启用以下配置
#network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=yes --noipv6
--hostname=CentOS7
timezone --utc Asia/Shanghai #时区
authconfig --enableshadow --passalgo=sha512 #加密 shadow
rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted #设置 root 密码
clearpart --all --initlabel #--all 初除所有分区，后者将磁盘标签初始化为缺省值设置。
part /boot --fstype xfs --size 1024 #boot分区大小
part swap --size 1024 #swap分区大小
part / --fstype xfs --size 1 --grow #根分区大小
firstboot --disable #决定是否在系统第一次引导时启动"设置代理”，禁用。
selinux --disabled #在系统里设置 SELinux 状态
firewall --disabled #在系统狸设置而防火墙状态
logging --level=info #这个命令控制安装过程中anaconda的错误日志，它对安装好的系统没有影响。
reboot #安装后重启
%pre #pre 中定了前面使用的具体脚本名称。
$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')
$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')
$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')
# Enable installation monitoring
$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')
%end
%packages #自定义安装内容，这里可以可以自行生成 ks 文件然后把对应的配置复制到这里。当前配置为最小化安装，以及安装系统常用工具。
@additional-devel
@development
@platform-devel
bash-completion
chrony
dos2unix
kexec-tools
lrzsz
sysstat
tree
vim
wget
git
net-tools
%end
%post #安装后执行操作，可以执行脚本也可以直接执行命令。
systemctl disable postfix.service
%end

定制 Cobbler 引导菜单（名称、超时时间、默认启动菜单）

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# vim /etc/cobbler/pxe/pxedefault.template
DEFAULT menu
PROMPT 0
MENU TITLE Jaking #菜单名称
TIMEOUT 100 #超时时间
TOTALTIMEOUT 6000
ONTIMEOUT $pxe_timeout_profile

LABEL local
        MENU LABEL (local)
        MENU DEFAULT
        LOCALBOOT -1
        
$pxe_menu_items   #该变量是我自定义的引导菜单，复制到 LABEL local 配置项上方，否则默认启动还是 local。

MENU end

同步 Cobbler 配置

[root@Jaking kickstarts]# systemctl restart cobblerd
[root@Jaking kickstarts]# cobbler sync
task started: 2020-01-04_050537_sync
task started (id=Sync, time=Sat Jan  4 05:05:37 2020)
running pre-sync triggers
cleaning trees
removing: /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/images
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efi
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efi
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/efidefault
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/s390x/profile_list
copying bootloaders
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efi
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efi
copying distros to tftpboot
copying files for distro: CentOS-7.6-x86_64
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/vmlinuz
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/initrd.img
copying images
generating PXE configuration files
generating PXE menu structure
copying files for distro: CentOS-7.6-x86_64
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/vmlinuz
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/www/cobbler/images/CentOS-7.6-x86_64/initrd.img
Writing template files for CentOS-7.6-x86_64
rendering DHCP files
generating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
rendering TFTPD files
generating /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
processing boot_files for distro: CentOS-7.6-x86_64
cleaning link caches
running post-sync triggers
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_services
running: dhcpd -t -q
received on stdout: 
received on stderr: 
running: service dhcpd restart
received on stdout: 
received on stderr: Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart dhcpd.service

running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.manage_genders
running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_track
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
*** TASK COMPLETE ***

新建虚拟机进行测试。

注意：内存要足够大，网络模式要和 Cobbler 服务端的网络模式一致。

创建过程省略，直接来到开机启动界面：

可以看到，需要安装 1262 个包，不再是原来的最小化安装了。

安装成功后，默认启动命令行模式
输入 root 123456 登录系统：

设置默认启动模式为图形化模式 graphical.target

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl set-default graphical.target
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target.
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/default.target to /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl get-default                 
graphical.target
[root@localhost ~]# reboot

不能正常启动图形化模式

安装图形化软件

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y xorg* gnome* glx*

切换到图形化模式

[root@localhost ~]# init 5