每个应用程序(程序)都是通过进程来执行的,进程是程序的运行实例。 进程是通过不同的系统调用创建的,最流行的是 fork()
和 exec()
。
fork()
pid_t pid = fork();
fork()
通过复制调用进程来创建一个新进程,新进程称为子进程,是调用进程(称为父进程)的完全副本,但以下情况除外:
- 子进程有自己唯一的进程 ID,并且这个 PID 不匹配任何现有进程组的 ID。
- 子进程的父进程 ID 与父进程 ID 相同。
- 子进程不会继承父进程的内存锁和信号量调整。
- 子代不会从其父代继承未完成的异步 I/O 操作,也不会从其父代继承任何异步 I/O 上下文。
fork()的返回值
成功时,父进程返回子进程的PID,子进程返回0
。 失败时,在父进程中返回 -1
,不创建子进程,并适当设置 errno
。
exec()
exec()
系列函数用新的进程映像替换当前进程映像。 它将程序加载到当前进程空间并从入口点运行它。exec()
系列由以下函数组成,在下面的 C 程序中实现了 execv()
,你可以尝试练习。
int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...); int execlp(const char *file, const char *arg, ...); int execle(const char *path, const char *arg, ..., char * const envp[]); int execv(const char *path, char *const argv[]); int execvp(const char *file, char *const argv[]); int execvpe(const char *file, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]);
fork()和exec()的区别
fork()
启动一个新进程,该进程是调用它的进程的副本,而 exec()
用另一个(不同的)进程替换当前进程映像。
在 fork()
的情况下,父进程和子进程同时执行,而控制永远不会返回到原始程序,除非出现 exec()
错误。
示例:
// C program to illustrate use of fork() & // exec() system call for process creation #include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <errno.h> #include <sys/wait.h> int main(){ pid_t pid; int ret = 1; int status; pid = fork(); if (pid == -1){ // pid == -1 means error occured printf("can't fork, error occuredn"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } else if (pid == 0){ // pid == 0 means child process created // getpid() returns process id of calling process // Here It will return process id of child process printf("child process, pid = %un",getpid()); // Here It will return Parent of child Process means Parent process it self printf("parent of child process, pid = %un",getppid()); // the argv list first argument should point to // filename associated with file being executed // the array pointer must be terminated by NULL // pointer char * argv_list[] = {"ls","-lart","/home",NULL}; // the execv() only return if error occured. // The return value is -1 execv("ls",argv_list); exit(0); } else{ // a positive number is returned for the pid of // parent process // getppid() returns process id of parent of // calling process // Here It will return parent of parent process's ID printf("Parent Of parent process, pid = %un",getppid()); printf("parent process, pid = %un",getpid()); // the parent process calls waitpid() on the child // waitpid() system call suspends execution of // calling process until a child specified by pid // argument has changed state // see wait() man page for all the flags or options // used here if (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) > 0) { if (WIFEXITED(status) && !WEXITSTATUS(status)) printf("program execution successfuln"); else if (WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status)) { if (WEXITSTATUS(status) == 127) { // execv failed printf("execv failedn"); } else printf("program terminated normally,"/n " but returned a non-zero statusn"); } else printf("program didn't terminate normallyn"); } else { // waitpid() failed printf("waitpid() failedn"); } exit(0); } return 0; }
运行结果:
parent process, pid = 11523 child process, pid = 14188 Program execution successful
原创文章,作者:ItWorker,如若转载,请注明出处:https://blog.ytso.com/tech/pnotes/264169.html