1. 动名词的构成和特征
动名词一般由“动词原形+-ing”构成。及物动词的动名词可以带宾语,也可以被状语修饰。不及物动词的动名词不可以直接带宾语,但可以被状语修饰;若要带宾语,则应加上相应的介词。动名词带宾语或状语,构成动名词短语,如reading a book slowly。其否定式是在动名词前加not.
2.动名词的句法功能
动名词在句中起名词的作用,可以作主语、表语、定语、动词宾语和介词宾语
(1)作主语。
1动名词(短语)作主语一般直接位于句首,谓语动词常用单数形式。
Refusing invitations is not always easy.
拒绝邀请并不总是容易的。
Taking a walk after dinner is beneficial to health.
晚饭后散步有益于健康。
Saying“I’m sorry” seems very difficult, but all you need is just courage.
说“对不起”好像很难,但你需要的只是勇气。
2 在It is no use(no good, a waste of time, worthwhile)+doing.结构中,It作形式主语,具止的主语是后面的动名词(短语)。
It is no use worrying about something that hasn’t happened yet.
为还没有发生的事情担心是无用的。
It is no good spending too much money in the unknown field.
在未知的领域花太多钱是无益的。
It is a waste of time asking him for help.
向他请求帮助是浪费时间。
3 There is no doing…为常见结构,相当于It is impossible to do…。
There is no denying that quicker action could have saved them.
无可否认,如果行动快一点,本来是救得了他们的。
There is no accounting for taste.
人各有所好。
(2)作表语。
Her job is washing clothes, cleaning and taking care of children.
她的工作是洗衣服、打扫卫生和照顾孩子。
The real difficulty is getting to know the needs of the customers.
真正的难题是了解客户的需求。
(3)作定语。
有时动名词还可以放在名词之前作定语,如teaching method(教学方法),swimming pool(游泳池),washing machine(洗衣机),reading room(阅览室), parking lot(停车场)等。
A washing machine can help you save a lot of time and energy.
洗衣机可以帮助你节省很多时间和精力。
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.
阅览室里不准任何人大声喧哗
(4)作动词宾语。
1以下及物动词(短语)常用动名词(短语)作宾语,而不能用不定式(短语)作宾语,如admit, advise, advocate(提倡), allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone (延期),practice/practise, prefer prevent, quit, recall, resent(愤恨),resist, risk, suggest, tolerate, can’t help(忍不住)等。
We don’t allow smoking in the hall.
我们不准(有人)在大厅里抽烟。
She appreciates being sponsored by so many kind-hearted people.
她感激被这么多好心人资助。
She imagined walking into the office and handing in her resignation.
她想象着走进办公室,上交辞职信。
Do you mind passing me that dictionary?
你介意把那本词典递给我吗?
The manager doesn’t permit giving advice in public.
这位经理不允许公开提建议。
②有些动词(短语)后既可用不定式(短语)作宾语,又可用动名词(短语)作宾语,但意义差别较大
We mean to call on you tomorrow.
我们打算明天去拜访你。
Being kind doesn’t mean doing everything for other people without consideration.
好心并不意味着不加思考地为他人做所有事情。
I regret to inform you that your contract will not be renewed.
我遗憾地通知你,你的合约将不予续签。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought.
我不后悔告诉了她我的想法。
(5)作介词宾语。
1动名词(短语)也可以作介词的宾语,构成介词短语,一起在句中作定语、状语或表语。
Nowadays more and more people realize the importance of learning.
如今越来越多的人意识到了学习的重要性。
She left without telling us in advance.
她没有提前告知我们就离开了。
Reading a good book is like talking with a wise person.
读一本好书就像和一位智者谈话。
② 动名词(短语)作介词的宾语,常用在某些词组后面。这类词组主要有:succeed in, insist on, feel like, admit to, apologize/apologise for, approve/disapprove of, the way of, give up, keep on, persist in, put off, attach importance to, be/get become/grow accustomed/used to, devote…to/be devoted to, confess to, count on, in addition to, lead to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, be opposed to, be worthy of, stick to, take to(养成……习惯),the approach/solution/key to等。
这类词组中的介词为to时,不要
将其当作不定式的标志而误用不定式
结构。
She apologizes for breaking the new vase.
她为打碎了那个新花瓶而道歉。
I was accustomed to staying up late when I was at university.
上大学时我习惯熬夜
3在下列结构中应使用动名词(短语)作宾语:have(no) diffculty/(no) trouble/fun/pleasure/a hard time/a good time (in) doing sth., have no problem (with) doing sth., spend some time (in) doing sth., there is no point (in) doing sth., when it comes to doing sth., stop sb./sth. from doing sth., prevent sb./sth. from doing sth., protect sb./sth. from doing sth.等。
The teacher thinks his students have difficulty (in) understanding his lesson
这个老师认为他的学生们在理解他的课上有困难。
She spends her spare time (in) volunteering in the community.
她利用业余时间在社区做志愿者。
There is no point (in) considering these unimportant details.
考虑这些细枝末节是没有意义的。
3.动名词的时态
(1)动名词的一般式。
动名词的一般式的结构通常为“动词原形+-ing”,所表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。
I approve of his joining in the project. (joining in与 approve of同时发生或在其后发生)
我同意他参与这项工程。
I am thinking of buying a new dictionary. (buying 发生在am thinking of之后)
我正在考虑买一本新词典。
(2)动名词的完成式。
动名词的完成式的结构为“having+过去分词”,所表示的动作先于谓语动词表示的动作。
He accused me of haring broken my word
他指责我不守承诺。
He never tells me about his having been to Paris.
他从未告诉我他去过巴黎。
4.动名词的被动语态
4.动名词的被动语态
当动名词的逻料主语(可以依据句子的主语,或者修饰动名词的形容词性物主代词、代词宾格、名词或名词所有格判断)是动名词所表示动作的承受者时,动名词一般要用被动形式(“beings+过去分词”或””having been+过去分词”)。
Respecting others in life means being respected.
在生活中尊重他人意味着受到尊重。
After hating been intertiewed, she was offered the job.
面试后,她被给予了那份工作。
I heard of his haring been chosen to be coach of the team.
我听说他被选为该队的教练了。
此外,动名词在以下两种情况中用主动形式表示被动意义:
(1)当need, want, require等动词作“需要”讲,且其前面的主语是指物的名词或代词时,其后应用动名词的主动形式作宾语,表示被动意义,也可用不定式的被动式作宾语。
This kind of flower wants watering/to be watered daily.
这种花需要天天浇水。
The biggest room of the hotel requires cleaning/to be cleaned.
这个宾馆最大的房间需要打扫。
(2)在sth. be worth doing结构中应用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,意为“某事值得做”
A lot of small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting.
这个地区的许多小镇确实值得一游。
The expert’s lecture is well worth attending.
这位专家的讲座很值得参加。
动名词与不定式都可以作句子的主语,其区别在于:动名词常表示抽象的、一般的或习惯性的动作,不定式常表示具体的、某一次的或将来的动作。如:
Getting up early is considered a goodhabit.
早起被认为是一个好习惯。
To accept their offer will be foolish.
接受他们的提议将是愚蠢的。
动名词也可以带逻辑主语,一般规则是:
逻辑主语是有生命的名词或代词时,用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。动名词若作主语,其逻辑主语是名词时只能用所有格形式。动名词若作宾语,其逻辑主语是名词时也可不用所有格形式,直接用名词即可;其逻辑主语是代词时也可用宾格。如:
Mary’s coming home is a great pleasure for her family, especially for her parents.
玛丽回家这件事让她的家人,尤其是她父母,非常高兴。
Your giving us such great help has freed us from the trouble.
你给了我们如此大的帮助,使我们摆脱了麻烦。
I don’t like Jack’s/Jack speaking ill of others in public places.
我不喜欢杰克在公共场合说他人的坏话。
His wife doesn’t like his/him playing computer games.
他的妻子不喜欢他玩电脑游戏。
后接动名词作宾语的动词(短语)记忆口诀:
愤恨讨论停止做,
阻止抵抗否避开,
建议考虑坚持练,
允许想象不冒险,
不禁介意保持完,
承认错过心喜欢,
回忆感激又逃避,
厌恶容许又延期。
be/get/become/grow used to doingsth.表示“习惯于做某事”;be used to do sth.表示“被用来做某事”;used to do sth.表示“过去常常做某事”。如:
My elder brother is used to getting up early.
我哥哥习惯早起。
This machine is used to clean thewall.
这台机器是被用来清理墙壁的。
My elder brother used to get up early.
我哥哥过去常常早起。
有些动词后既可用不定式作宾语,又可用动名词作宾语,且意义差别不大。如:like, love,hate,prefer, continue, bother,intend, begin, start,propose(打算)。但注意,begin和start用于进行时态时,后面只能跟不定式作宾语,而不能跟动名词。
be busy doing sth.也是常考结构,其中动名词(短语)作宾语。
He is busy preparing for the coming exams.
他正忙着准备即将到来的考试。
原创文章,作者:ItWorker,如若转载,请注明出处:https://blog.ytso.com/tech/pnotes/280277.html